Introduction Standards refer to the systems and procedures developed by professional development practitioners to enhance the effectiveness of the system (CICA, 2007). Professional standards describe the important skills, knowledge, and attitudes that the professional is expected to demonstrate. Standards constitute the ‘critical knowledge, skills and attitudes needed to perform a specific role effectively’. They explain the primary components of performance rather than providing a comprehensive list of responsibilities. Furthermore, they serve to specify as to what performance or behaviours an institution is particularly looking for. The extent to which professional standards have been met can be assessed via performance indicators set by the authorities (MOE, 2009).  They describe what teachers need to know and do to provide relevant and valuable learning experiences for learners and groups of individuals. Standards are not only … Read entire article »